allonym:
each of two or more toponyms employed in reference to a single topographic feature.
[Glossary
of Toponymic Terminology]
Examples: Hull, Kingston upon Hull; Vesterhavet, Nordsee; Swansea, Abertawe; Johannesburg, Egoli.
application schema:
conceptual schema for data required by one or more applications [ISO 19101]
GML application schema:
an XML Schema written according to the GML rules for application schemas and which defines a vocabulary of geographic objects for a particular domain of discourse [GML 3.1]
association:
semantic relationship between two or more classifiers that specifies connections
among their instances [ISO 19103]
attribute <XML>:
an information item in the XML Information Set [Infoset] [GML
3.1]
NOTE 1 In GML an attribute is an XML attribute unless otherwise specified. The syntax of an XML attribute is
“Attribute::= Name = AttValue”. An attribute typically acts as an
XML element modifier (e.g. <Road gml:id = “r1” /> here gml:id is an attribute.
NOTE 2 ISO 19130 defines the term “attribute” as: property which
describes a geometrical, topological, thematic, or other characteristic of an entity. This definition is wider than the term “attribute”
as it is used in GML 3.1 and corresponds more to a “GML property”.
boundary:
set that represents the limit of an entity [ISO 19107]
cadestral data:
the geographic extent of the past, current, and future rights and interests in real property including the spatial information necessary to describe that geographic extent. [FGDC Cadastral Data Content Standard 1.3]
NOTE: Rights and interests are the benefits or enjoyment in real property that can be conveyed, transferred, or otherwise allocated to another for economic remuneration. Rights and interests are recorded in land record documents. The spatial information necessary to describe rights and interests includes surveys and legal description frameworks such as the Public Land Survey System, as well as parcel-by-parcel surveys and descriptions.
category:
One of a set of classes in a classification scheme. [GML
3.1]
child <XML>:
an XML element c that is in the content of another element p, its parent, but
is not in the content of any other element in the content of p [GML
3.1]
closure:
union of the interior and boundary of a topological or geometric object [ISO
19107]
codelist:
Value domain including a code for each permissible value. [GML
3.1]
codespace:
Rule or authority for a code, name, term or category. [GML
3.1]
EXAMPLE Examples of a codespace include dictionaries, authorities, codelists,
etc.
composite curve:
sequence of curves such that each curve (except the first) starts at the end
point of the previous curve in the sequence [ISO 19107]
NOTE A composite curve, as a set of direct positions, has all the properties
of a curve.
composite solid:
connected set of solids adjoining one another along shared boundary surfaces
[ISO 19107]
NOTE A composite solid, as a set of direct positions, has all the properties
of a solid.
composite surface:
connected set of surfaces adjoining one another along shared boundary curves
[ISO 19107]
NOTE A composite surface, as a set of direct positions, has all the properties
of a surface.
control point:
one of a sequence of points defining the position of a curve segment
or surface patch – together with additional information about the interpolation
method. [GML 3.1]
NOTE The controlPoints of a curve segment are used to control its shape, but
are not always on the curve segment itself.
coordinate:
one of a sequence of numbers designating the position of a point in n-dimensional
space [ISO 19111]
NOTE In a coordinate reference system, the n numbers shall be qualified by units.
coordinate reference system:
coordinate system that is related to the real world by a datum [ISO 19111]
coordinate system:
set of mathematical rules for specifying how coordinates are to be assigned
to points [ISO 19111]
coordinate tuple:
tuple composed of coordinates. [GML 3.1]
coordinates, geographical:
(a) The (spheroidal) net or graticule of lines of latitude (parallels) numbered 0°-90° north and south of the equator, and lines of longitude (meridians) numbered 0°-180° east and west of the international zero meridian of Greenwich, used to define location on the Earth's surface (disregarding altitude) with the aid of angular measure (degrees, minutes and seconds of arc).
(b) The value of a point referred to this graticule. [Glossary
of Toponymic Terminology]
coordinates, rectangular:
(a) Grid of plane coordinates consisting of two sets of straight lines at right angles to each other and with equal units of length on both axes, superimposed on a (chiefly) topographic map. See also UTM grid.
(b) The values of a point referred to such a grid.
[Glossary
of Toponymic Terminology]
coordinates, topographic:
See coordinates, rectangular.
[Glossary
of Toponymic Terminology]
coverage:
feature that acts as a function to return values from its range for any direct
position within its spatiotemporal domain [ISO 19123]
curve:
1-dimensional geometric primitive, representing the continuous image of a line.
[GML 3.1]
NOTE The boundary of a curve is the set of points at either end of the curve.
If the curve is a cycle, the two ends are identical, and the curve (if topologically
closed) is considered to not have a boundary. The first point is called the
start point, and the last is the end point. Connectivity of the curve is guaranteed
by the "continuous image of a line" clause. A topological theorem
states that a continuous image of a connected set is connected.
data type:
specification of a value domain with operations allowed on values in this domain [ISO 19103]
EXAMPLE Integer, Real, Boolean, String, Date (conversion of a data into a series
of codes).
NOTE Data types include primitive predefined types and user-definable types.
datum:
parameter or set of parameters that serve as a reference or basis for the calculation of other parameters [ISO 19111]
NOTE 1 A datum defines the position of the origin, the scale, and the orientation
of the axes of a coordinate system.
NOTE 2 A datum may be a geodetic datum, a vertical datum or an engineering datum.
direct position:
position described by a single set of coordinates within a coordinate reference
system [ISO 19107]
domain:
well-defined set [ISO 19103]
NOTE 1 A mathematical function can be defined on this set, i.e. in a function
f:AàB A is the domain of the function f.
NOTE 2 A domain as in domain of discourse refers to a subject or area of interest.
edge:
1-dimensional topological primitive [ISO 19107]
element <XML>:
an information item in the XML information Set. [GML
3.1]
NOTE From the XML Information Set Specification: Each XML document contains
one or more elements, the boundaries of which are either delimited by start-tags
and end-tags, or, for empty elements, by an empty-element tag. Each element
has a type, identified by name, sometimes called its "generic identifier"
(GI), and may have a set of attribute specifications. Each attribute specification
has a name and a value.
exterior:
difference between the universe and the closure [ISO 19107]
face:
2-dimensional topological primitive [ISO 19107]
NOTE The geometric realization of a face is a surface. The boundary of a face
is the set of directed edges within the same topological complex that are associated
to the face via the boundary relations. These can be organized as rings
feature:
abstraction of real world phenomena [ISO 19101]
NOTE A feature may occur as a type or an instance. Feature type or feature instance
should be used when only one is meant
feature, geographical:
topographic feature on the surface of the Earth. [Glossary
of Toponymic Terminology]
feature, man-made:
topographic feature made, or significantly modified, by man. [Glossary
of Toponymic Terminology]
Examples: canal; road; populated place.
Complementary term: feature, natural.
feature, natural:
topographic feature not made or significantly modified by man. [Glossary
of Toponymic Terminology]
Examples: river (but not canal); forest (but not plantation.
Complementary term: feature, man-made.
feature, physical:
any topographic feature which can be observed visually. [Glossary
of Toponymic Terminology]
Examples: mountain; river; road; building; but not e.g. an unmarked political
boundary
feature, topographic:
a portion of the surface of the Earth or of any other planet or satellite that has recognizable identity. [Glossary
of Toponymic Terminology]
feature name:
A proper name applied to a topographic feature. Comprehensive term for geographical
names and extraterrestrial names [Glossary
of Toponymic Terminology]
Synonyms: toponym, topographic name.
feature type:
a term for a category of geographic places; terms to indicate the nature of
a place. [ADL
Feature Type Thesaurus]
feature relationship:
association between features [ISO 19103]
function:
rule that associates each element from a domain (source, or domain of the function)
to a unique element in another domain (target, co-domain, or range) [ISO 19107]
gazetteer:
a directory of instances of a class or classes of features containing some information
regarding position. [Gazetteer
Service Profile for the Web Feature Service Implementation Specification, OGC
02-076r3 p.vii]
geodetic datum:
datum describing the relationship of a coordinate system to the Earth [ISO 19111]
NOTE In most cases, the geodetic datum includes an ellipsoid definition.
geometric object:
spatial object representing a geometric set [ISO 19107]
geometric set:
set of direct positions [ISO 19107]
geometry property <GML>:
property of a GML feature that describes some aspect of the geometry
of the feature. [GML 3.1]
NOTE The geometry property name is the role of the geometry in relation to the
feature.
geospatial:
of, relating to, or designating data that is associated with a geographical location. [The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 5th ed.]
grid:
network composed of two or more sets of curves in which the members of each
set intersect the members of the other sets in an algorithmic way [ISO 19123]
NOTE The curves partition a space into grid cells.
interior:
set of all direct positions that are on a geometric object but which are not
on its boundary [ISO 19107]
line string:
curve composed of straight-line segments. [GML
3.1]
locality:
(a) the fact or quality of having a position in space.
(b) the situation or position of an object; especially the geographical place or situation of a plant, mineral, etc.
[The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 5th ed.]
location:
the fact or or condition of occupying a particular place; local position, situation. A site, a place. [The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 5th ed.]
measure <GML>:
a value described using a numeric amount with a scale or using a scalar reference
system. [GML 3.1]
NOTE When used as a noun, measure is a synonym for quantity.
measurand:
phenomenon or property that is subject to observation. [GML
3.1]
name:
(a)a word or combination of words constituting the individual designation by which a person, animal, place, or thing is known, spoken of, etc.
(b) a mere appellation as distinct form an actual person or thing. [The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 5th ed.]
name, composite:
toponym (=feature name, = topographic name) consisting of a generic element
and a specific element, or of a specific element consisting of more than one
word. [Glossary of
Toponymic Terminology]
Examples: Mount Cook; Newport; Newfoundland; Kemijoki; Rostov na Donu; Sierra
Nevada Oriental; Stoke on Trent.
Complementary term: name, simplex.
name, place:
(a) see toponym. A feature name. (b) Synonym used by some writers for name of
populated place. [Glossary
of Toponymic Terminology]
name, simplex:
Single-word toponym (=feature name, = topographic name), usually consisting
of a specific component only. [Glossary
of Toponymic Terminology]
Examples: Kyiv; Temuko; Malai. Al-Q_hirah (Cairo) is also a simplex name, since
in the original Arabic the article al- constitutes a bound morpheme, i.e. an
integral unhyphenated prefix.
Complementary term: name, composite.
name, standardized:
name sanctioned by a names authority as the preferred name from among a number
of allonyms for a given feature. However, a single feature may have more than
one standardized name. [Glossary
of Toponymic Terminology]
Example: Kaapstad and Cape Town (but not Capetown).
name, topographic:
see toponym. A feature name. [Glossary
of Toponymic Terminology]
names authority:
(a) A body such as a person, board or commission, assigned advisory function
and/or power of decision in matters of toponymy by a legally constituted entity
such as a state.
(b) An authority charged with issuing standardized toponyms.[Glossary
of Toponymic Terminology]
namespace <XML>:
collection of names, identified by an URI reference which are used in XML documents
as element names and attribute names [XML] [GML
3.1]
node:
0-d topological primitive [ISO 19107]
object:
entity with a well defined boundary and identity that encapsulates state and
behaviour [ISO 19107]
NOTE A GML object is an XML element of a type derived from AbstractGMLType.
observable:
phenomenon or property that is subject to observation. [GML
3.1]
place (noun):
(a) Originally an open space in a town, a market-place.
(b) A particular part or portion of space or of a surface, whether occupied or not; a position or stuation in space or with reference to other bodies.
(c) A particular spot or area inhabited or frequented by people, as a city, a town, a village, etc.
[The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 5th ed.]
point:
0-dimensional geometric primitive, representing a position [ISO 19107]
NOTE The boundary of a point is the empty set.
polygon:
a planar surface defined by 1 exterior boundary and 0 or more interior boundaries.
[GML 3.1]
property <GML>:
a child element of a GML object. [GML 3.1]
NOTE It corresponds to feature attribute and feature association in ISO 19109.
If a GML property of a feature has an xlink:href attribute that references a
feature, the property represents a feature association.
Public Land Survey System:
(a) a legal (and not mathematical) reference system established by the U.S. Federal Government in 1785 to divide and then convey lands from the Public Domain to private land owners;
(b) a roughly gridded network of surveyed lines and monuments; approximate 6-mile by 6-mile "townships" composed of approximate 1-mile by 1-mile "sections";
(c) a key part of the original legal basis for virtually all property in the state. [Modified from Introduction to the Public Land Survey System]
quantity:
property ascribed to phenomena, bodies or substances that can be used to specify
the size, amount, or extent of a particular phenomenon, body or substance [ISO
19126]
NOTE In GML a quantity is always a value described using a numeric amount with
a scale or using a scalar reference system. Quantity is a synonym for measure
when the latter is used as a noun.
range:
the set B of a mathematical function (f:AàB) is called the range of the
function. [GML 3.1]
rectified grid:
grid for which there is an affine transformation between the grid coordinates
and the coordinates of an external coordinate reference system [ISO 19123]
route:
a way, road, or course of (especially regular) travel or passage from one place to another. [The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 5th ed.]
schema:
formal description of a model [ISO
19101]
NOTE In general, a schema is an abstract representation of an object's characteristics
and relationship to other objects. An XML schema represents the relationship
between the attributes and elements of an XML object (for example, a document
or a portion of a document)
semantic type:
a category of objects that share some common characteristics and are thus given
an identifying type name in a particular domain of discourse. [GML
3.1]
sequence:
finite, ordered collection of related items (objects or values) that may be
repeated [ISO 19107]
set:
unordered collection of related items (objects or values) with no repetition
[ISO 19107]
spatial object:
object used for representing a spatial characteristic of a feature [ISO 19107]
tag:
a character or set of characters appended to an item of data in order to identify it. [The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 5th ed.]
NOTE: This definition is relatively recent (middle 20th century) and comes from or is currently limited to the vernacular of computing.
tag <XML>:
the text in an XML document bounded by angle brackets. [GML
3.1]
EXAMPLE <Road>.
NOTE A tag with no forward slash (e.g. <Road> ) is called a start tag
(also opening tag), and one with a forward slash (e.g. </Road> is called
an end tag (also closing tag).
topography:
(a) The surface configuration of the Earth or of another planet or a satellite, or of a portion thereof, including the planimetric and altimetric aspects, i.e. the situation in the map plane and the relief.
(b) Description and graphic representation of the above. [Glossary
of Toponymic Terminology]
topological object:
spatial object representing spatial characteristics that are invariant under
continuous transformations [ISO 19107]
topology:
a branch of geometry describing the properties of a figure that are unaffected
by continous distorition [Collins Concise Dictionary]
NOTE Topology is mostly concerned with identifying the connectivity of networks
and the adjacency of surfaces.
toponym:
a proper name applied to a topographic feature. Comprehensive term for geographical
names and extraterrestrial names.
[Glossary of Toponymic Terminology]
Synonyms: feature name, place name, topographic name.
toponymy:
(a) The science which has as its object the study of toponyms in general and of geographical names in particular.
(b) The totality of toponyms in a given region. [Glossary
of Toponymic Terminology]
tuple:
an ordered list of values, [GML 3.1]
type:
a class in a classification system. [GML 3.1]
NOTE See also data type.
Uniform Resource Identifier (URI):
a unique identifier, usually taking the form of a short string or address that
is used to identify the location of a resource. [GML
3.1]
UTM Grid:
Universal Transverse Mercator grid, a plane grid of rectangular coordinates overprinted on maps to assist defining location. It covers the entire globe in 60 meridional zones with a width of 6 degrees longitude each, these zones being numbered 1 - 60 from the International Date Line eastwards.
[Glossary
of Toponymic Terminology]
